Dot shorthands

Dot shorthand syntax .foo lets you write more concise Dart code by omitting the type when the compiler can infer it from context. This provides a clean alternative to writing the full ContextType.foo when accessing enum values, static members, or constructors.

In essence, dot shorthands allow an expression to start with one of the following and then optionally chain other operations onto it:

• Identifier .myValue

• Constructor .new()

• Constant creation const .myValue()

Here's a quick look at how it simplifies an enum assignment:

// Use dot shorthand syntax on enums:
enum Status { none, running, stopped, paused }
​
Status currentStatus = .running; // Instead of Status.running
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax on a static method:
int port = .parse('8080'); // Instead of int.parse('8080')
​
// Uses dot shorthand syntax on a constructor:
class Point {
  final int x, y;
  Point(this.x, this.y);
  Point.origin() : x = 0, y = 0;
}
​
Point origin = .origin(); // Instead of Point.origin()

Dot shorthands use the context typeContext typeThe type that the surrounding code expects from an expression. Learn more to determine the member the compiler resolves to. The context type is the type that Dart expects an expression to have based on its location. For example, in Status currentStatus = .running, the compiler knows a Status is expected, so it infers .running to mean Status.running.

A static member shorthand is an expression that begins with a leading dot (.). When the type is known from the surrounding context, this syntax provides a concise way to access static members, constructors, and enum values.

A primary and highly recommended use case for dot shorthands is with enums, especially in assignments and switch statements, where the enum type is very obvious.

enum LogLevel { debug, info, warning, error }
​
/// Returns the color code to use for the specified log [level].
String colorCode(LogLevel level) {
  // Use dot shorthand syntax for enum values in switch cases:
  return switch (level) {
    .debug => 'gray', // Instead of LogLevel.debug
    .info => 'blue', // Instead of LogLevel.info
    .warning => 'orange', // Instead of LogLevel.warning
    .error => 'red', // Instead of LogLevel.error
  };
}
​
// Example usage:
String warnColor = colorCode(.warning); // Returns 'orange'

Dot shorthands are useful for invoking named constructors or factory constructors. This syntax also works when providing type arguments to a generic class's constructor.

class Point {
  final double x, y;
  const Point(this.x, this.y);
  const Point.origin() : x = 0, y = 0; // Named constructor
​
  // Factory constructor
  factory Point.fromList(List<double> list) {
    return Point(list[0], list[1]);
  }
}
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax on a named constructor:
Point origin = .origin(); // Instead of Point.origin()
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax on a factory constructor:
Point p1 = .fromList([1.0, 2.0]); // Instead of Point.fromList([1.0, 2.0])
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax on a generic class constructor:
List<int> intList = .filled(5, 0); // Instead of List.filled(5, 0)

The .new dot shorthand provides a concise way to call an unnamed constructor of a class. This is useful for assigning fields or variables where the type is already explicitly declared.

This syntax is particularly effective for cleaning up repetitive class field initializers. As shown in the following "after" example using dot shorthands, it can be used for constructors both with and without arguments. It also infers any generic type arguments from the context.

Without dot shorthands:

class _PageState extends State<Page> {
  late final AnimationController _animationController = AnimationController(
    vsync: this,
  );
  final ScrollController _scrollController = ScrollController();
​
  final GlobalKey<ScaffoldMessengerState> scaffoldKey =
      GlobalKey<ScaffoldMessengerState>();
​
  Map<String, Map<String, bool>> properties = <String, Map<String, bool>>{};
  // ...
}

Using dot shorthands:

// Use dot shorthand syntax for calling unnamed constructors:
class _PageState extends State<Page> {
  late final AnimationController _animationController = .new(vsync: this);
  final ScrollController _scrollController = .new();
  final GlobalKey<ScaffoldMessengerState> scaffoldKey = .new();
  Map<String, Map<String, bool>> properties = .new();
  // ...
}

You can use dot shorthand syntax to call static methods or access static fields/getters. The compiler infers the target class from the context type of the expression.

// Use dot shorthand syntax to invoke a static method:
int httpPort = .parse('80'); // Instead of int.parse('80')
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax to access a static field or getter:
BigInt bigIntZero = .zero; // Instead of BigInt.zero

You can use dot shorthands within a constant context if the member being accessed is a compile-time constant. This is common for enum values and invoking const constructors.

enum Status { none, running, stopped, paused }
​
class Point {
  final double x, y;
  const Point(this.x, this.y);
  const Point.origin() : x = 0.0, y = 0.0;
}
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax for enum value:
const Status defaultStatus = .running; // Instead of Status.running
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax to invoke a const named constructor:
const Point myOrigin = .origin(); // Instead of Point.origin()
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax in a const collection literal:
const List<Point> keyPoints = [.origin(), .new(1.0, 1.0)];
// Instead of [Point.origin(), Point(1.0, 1.0)]

Dot shorthands rely on a clear context type, which leads to a few specific rules and limitations you should know about.

While you can chain operations like method calls or property accesses onto a dot shorthand, the entire expression is validated against the context type.

The compiler first uses the context to determine what the dot shorthand resolves to. Any subsequent operations in the chain must return a value that matches that same initial context type.

// .fromCharCode(72) resolves to the String "H",
// then the instance method .toLowerCase() is called on that String.
String lowerH = .fromCharCode(72).toLowerCase();
// Instead of String.fromCharCode(72).toLowerCase()
​
print(lowerH); // Output: h

The == and != operators have a special rule for dot shorthands. When dot shorthand syntax is used directly on the right-hand side of an equality check, Dart uses the static type of the left-hand side to determine the class or enum for the shorthand.

For instance, in an expression like myColor == .green, the type of the variable myColor is used as the context. This means the compiler interprets .green as Color.green.

enum Color { red, green, blue }
​
// Use dot shorthand syntax for equality expressions:
void allowedExamples() {
  Color myColor = Color.red;
  bool condition = true;
​
  // OK: `myColor` is a `Color`, so `.green` is inferred as `Color.green`.
  if (myColor == .green) {
    print('The color is green.');
  }
​
  // OK: Works with `!=` as well.
  if (myColor != .blue) {
    print('The color is not blue.');
  }
​
  // OK: The context for the ternary is the variable `inferredColor`
  // being assigned to, which has a type of `Color`.
  Color inferredColor = condition ? .green : .blue;
  print('Inferred color is $inferredColor');
}

The dot shorthand must be on the right-hand side of the == or != operator. Comparing against a more complex expression, like a conditional expression, is also not allowed.

enum Color { red, green, blue }
​
void notAllowedExamples() {
  Color myColor = Color.red;
  bool condition = true;
​
  // ERROR: The shorthand must be on the right side of `==`.
  // Dart's `==` operator is not symmetric for this feature.
  if (.red == myColor) {
    print('This will not compile.');
  }
​
  // ERROR: The right-hand side is a complex expression (a conditional expression),
  // which is not a valid target for shorthand in a comparison.
  if (myColor == (condition ? .green : .blue)) {
    print('This will not compile.');
  }
​
  // ERROR: The type context is lost by casting `myColor` to `Object`.
  // The compiler no longer knows that `.green` should refer to `Color.green`.
  if ((myColor as Object) == .green) {
    print('This will not compile.');
  }
}

To avoid potential parsing ambiguities in the future, an expression statement is not allowed to begin with a . token.

class Logger {
  static void log(String message) {
    print(message);
  }
}
​
void main() {
  // ERROR: An expression statement can't begin with `.`.
  // The compiler has no type context (like a variable assignment)
  // to infer that `.log` should refer to `Logger.log`.
  .log('Hello');
}

While there is special handling for nullable types (T?) and FutureOr<T>, support is limited.

• For a nullable type (T?), you can access static members of T, but not of Null.

• For FutureOr<T>, you can access static members of T (primarily to support async function returns), but you can't access static members of the Future class itself.